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Table 3 Descriptive summaries and unadjusted factors associated with cervical, vulvar, anal and oral human papillomavirus infection among sexually active women from the general population in two communities in Ibadan, Nigeria

From: Prevalence and genotype specific concordance of oro-genital and anal human papillomavirus infections among sexually active Nigerian women

Variable

Cervical

Vulvar

Anal

Oral

n/N (row, %)

P value1 Crude OR (95%CI)

n/N (row, %)

p value1 Crude OR (95%CI)

n/N (row, %)

p value1 Crude OR (95%CI)

n/N (row, %)

p value1 Crude OR (95%CI)

Socio-demographic factors

Study site

 

p = 0.413

 

p = 0.942

 

p = 0.010

 

p = 0.003

 Mokola

96/155 (62%)

1

107/157 (68%)

1

98/153 (64%)

1

32/143 (23%)

1

 Moniya/Sasa

86/150 (57%)

0.83 (0.52–1.31)

103/152 (68%)

0.98 (0.61–1.58)

74/150 (49%)

0.55 (0.35–0.87)

14/143 (10%)

0.38 (0.19–0.74)

Age group, years

 

p = 0.015

 

p = 0.525

 

p = 0.122

 

p = 0.664

 18–24

79/118 (67%)

1

86/121 (71%)

1

74/120 (62%)

1

20/111 (18%)

1

 25–34

62/100 (58%)

0.81 (0.46–1.41)

68/100 (68%)

0.86 (0.49–1.54)

57/97 (59%)

0.89 (0.51–1.53)

15/92 (16%)

0.89 (0.43–1.85)

 35–45

41/87 (47%)

0.44 (0.25–0.78)

56/88 (61%)

0.71 (0.40–1.28)

41/86 (48%)

0.57 (0.32–0.99)

11/83 (13%)

0.70 (0.31–1.54)

Ethnicity

 

p = 0.175

 

p = 0.676

 

p = 0.612

 

p = 0.786

 Yoruba

136/236 (58%)

1

161/239 (67%)

1

131/234 (56%)

1

35/222 (16%)

1

 Others2

46/69 (67%)

1.47 (0.84–2.58)

49/70 (70%)

1.13 (0.63–2.02)

41/69 (59%)

1.15 (0.67–1.99)

11/64 (17%)

1.11 (0.53–2.33)

Religion

 

p = 0.840

 

p = 0.541

 

p = 0.451

 

p = 0.678

 Christianity/traditional

85/141 (60%)

1

99/142 (70%)

1

81/137 (59%)

1

23/135 (17%)

1

 Islam

97/164 (59%)

0.95 (0.60–1.51)

111/167 (66%)

0.86 (0.53–1.39)

91/166 (55%)

0.84 (0.53–1.33)

23/151 (15%)

0.88 (0.47–1.64)

Highest education level

 

p = 0.104

 

p = 0.749

 

p = 0.269

 

p = 0.866

 None/primary

32/62 (52%)

1

41/62 (66%)

1

29/61 (48%)

1

8/57 (14%)

1

 Secondary

111/171 (65%)

1.73 (0.96–3.13)

122/175 (70%)

1.18 (0.64–2.18)

101/171 (59%)

1.59 (0.88–2.87)

28/165 (17%)

1.25 (0.53–2.93)

 Tertiary

39/72 (54%)

1.11 (0.56–2.19)

47/72 (65%)

0.96 (0.47–1.97)

42/71 (59%)

1.60 (0.80–3.19)

10/64 (16%)

1.13 (0.41–3.10)

Quranic education

 

p = 0.954

 

p = 0.840

 

p = 0.998

 

p = 0.842

 No

116/194 (60%)

1

134/196 (68%)

1

109/192 (57%)

1

29/184 (16%)

1

 Yes

66/111 (59%)

0.99 (0.61–1.59)

76/113 (67%)

0.95 (0.58–1.56)

63/111 (57%)

1.00 (0.62–1.60)

17/102 (17%)

1.07 (0.56–2.06)

Occupation

 

p = 0.409

 

p = 0.791

 

p = 0.121

 

p = 0.935

 No current paid job3

33/52 (63%)

1

39/54 (72%)

1

37/54 (69%)

1

9/50 (18%)

1

 Unskilled worker

9/18 (50%)

0.58 (0.19–1.70)

12/18 (67%)

0.77 (0.24–2.42)

11/18 (61%)

0.72 (0.24–2.19)

3/17 (18%)

0.98 (0.23–4.12)

 Semi-skilled worker

131/215 (61%)

0.90 (0.48–1.68)

147/217 (68%)

0.81 (0.42–1.56)

116/211 (55%)

0.56 (0.30–1.06)

32/202 (16%)

0.86 (0.38–1.94)

 Skilled worker

9/20 (45%)

0.47 (0.17–1.34)

12/20 (60%)

0.58 (0.20–1.69)

8/20 (40%)

0.31 (0.11–0.89)

2/17 (12%)

0.61 (0.12–3.14)

Income per month4

 

p = 0.407

 

p = 0.207

 

p = 0.070

 

p = 0.556

 No income

19/33 (58%)

1

24/35 (69%)

1

23/35 (66%)

1

6/34 (18%)

1

 1–10,000 N (1–28USD)

124/209 (59%)

1.07 (0.51–2.26)

79/125 (65%)

0.79 (0.35–1.75)

67/122 (55%)

0.64 (0.29–1.39)

16/112 (14%)

0.78 (0.28–2.18)

 10,001–20,000 N (> 28–56USD)

33/49 (67%)

1.52 (0.61–3.79)

57/85 (86%)

0.93 (0.40–2.17)

39/82 (48%)

0.47 (0.21–1.08)

16/77 (21%)

1.22 (0.43–3.46)

  > 20,000 N (> 56USD)

6/24 (43%)

0.55 (0.16–1.96)

50/64 (50%)

1.64 (0.65–4.14)

43/64 (67%)

1.07 (0.45–2.55)

8/63 (13%)

0.68 (0.21–2.15)

Current marital status

 

p = 0.107

 

p = 0.040

 

p < 0.001

 

p = 0.323

 Single

54/79 (68%)

1

63/82 (77%)

1

61/82 (74%)

1

14/75 (19%)

1

 Married

117/210 (56%)

0.58 (0.34–1.01)

134/211 (64%)

0.52 (0.29–0.94)

104/206 (50%)

0.35 (0.20–0.62)

28/197 (14%)

0.72 (0.36–1.46)

 Divorced/widowed/separated5

11/16 (69%)

1.02 (0.32–3.24)

13 (81%)

1.31 (0.34–5.07)

7/15 (47%)

0.30 (0.10–0.93)

4/14 (29%)

1.74 (0.48–6.38)

Behavioural factors

Age at first vaginal sex6, years

 

p = 0.642

 

p = 0.612

 

p = 0.255

 

p = 0.082

  ≤ 15

20/32 (63%)

1

25/33 (76%)

1

23/33 (70%)

1

3/31 (20%)

1

 16–17

26/42 (62%)

0.98 (0.38–2.52)

28/42 (67%)

0.64 (0.23–1.78)

22/42 (52%)

0.48 (0.18–1.25)

11/39 (15%)

3.67 (0.92–14.57)

  ≥ 18

133/225 (59%)

0.87 (0.40–1.86)

154/228 (68%)

0.67 (0.29–1.55)

124/222 (56%)

0.55 (0.25–1.21)

31/211 (12%)

0.55 (0.14–2.09)

Age difference between first vaginal sex partner and participant, years7

 

p = 0.232

 

p = 0.002

 

p = 0.005

 

p = 0.617

  ≤ 5

87/137 (64%)

1

106/139 (76%)

1

91/138 (66%)

1

24/134 (18%)

1

  ≥ 6

71/132 (54%)

0.67 (0.41–1.09)

79/134 (59%)

0.45 (0.27–0.75)

63/129 (46%)

0.49 (0.30–0.81)

19/122 (16%)

0.85 (0.44–1.63)

Number of vaginal sex partners

 

p = 0.001

 

p < 0.001

 

p < 0.001

 

p = 0.198

 (Mean (SD))

1.91 (1.41)

1.46 (1.16–1.84)

1.91 (1.41)

1.59 (1.21–2.07)

1.89 (1.40)

1.50 (1.19–1.90)

1.89 (1.43)

1.14 (0.94–1.38)

Ever cleansed inside vagina

 

p = 0.294

 

p = 0.097

 

p = 0.876

 

p = 0.125

 No

18/35 (51%)

1

20/36 (56%)

1

20/36 (56%)

1

34/235 (14%)

1

 Yes

164/270 (61%)

1.46 (0.72–2.96)

190/273 (70%)

1.83 (0.90–3.71)

152/267 (57%)

1.06 (0.52–2.13)

12/51 (24%)

1.82 (0.87–3.82)

Condom use at last vaginal sex

 

p = 0.719

 

p = 0.204

 

p = 0.508

 

p = 0.685

 No

148/250 (59%)

1

168/253 (66%)

1

138/247 (56%)

1

38/242 (16%)

1

 Yes

34/55 (62%)

1.12 (0.61–2.03)

42/56 (75%)

1.52 (0.79–2.93)

34/56 (61%)

1.22 (0.68–2.21)

8/44 (18%)

1.19 (0.51–2.77)

Ever had oral sex (given/received)

 

p = 0.008

 

p = 0.131

 

p = 0.205

 

p = 0.410

 No

146/258 (57%)

1

173/261 (66%)

1

142/257 (55%)

1

7/33 (21%)

1

 Yes

36/47 (77%)

2.51 (1.22–5.15)

37/48 (77%)

1.71 (0.83–3.52)

30/46 (65%)

1.52 (0.79–2.92)

39/253 (15%)

0.68 (0.27–1.67)

Ever had transactional sex

 

p = 0.748

 

p = 0.272

 

p = 0.376

 

p = 0.2841

 No

170/286 (59%)

1

195/290 (67%)

1

160/285 (56%)

1

42/271 (16%)

1.98 (0.60–6.52)

 Yes

12/19 (63%)

1.17 (0.45–3.06)

15/19 (79%)

1.83 (0.59–5.65)

12/18 (67%)

1.56 (0.57–4.28)

4/15 (27%)

 

Ever had mutual masturbation

 

p = 0.130

 

p = 0.162

 

p = 0.402

 

p = 0.875

 No

38/73 (52%)

1

46/75 (61%)

1

40/76 (53%)

1

11/71 (16%)

1

 Yes

144/232 (62%)

1.51 (0.89–2.56)

164/234 (70%)

1.48 (0.86–2.54)

132/227 (58%)

1.25 (0.74–2.10)

35/215 (16%)

1.06 (0.51–2.22)

Female genital mutilation

 

p = 0.445

 

p = 0.443

 

p = 0.938

 

p = 0.935

 No

88/142 (62%)

1

101/144 (70%)

1

78/138 (57%)

1

21/129 (16%)

1

 Yes

94/163 (58%)

0.84 (0.53–1.32)

109/165 (66%)

0.83 (0.51–1.34)

94/165 (57%)

1.02 (0.65–1.61)

25/157 (16%)

0.97 (0.52–1.84)

Ever drank alcohol

 

p = 0.179

 

p = 0.012

 

p = 0.003

 

p = 0.199

 No

128/223 (57%)

1

144/225 (64%)

1

115/222 (52%)

1

30/209 (14%)

1

 Yes

54/82 (66%)

1.43 (0.84–2.43)

66/84 (79%)

2.06 (1.15–3.71)

57/81 (70%)

2.21 (1.28–3.81)

16/77 (21%)

1.57 (0.80–3.07)

Ever taken any illicit drugs

 

p = 0.011

 

p = 0.008

 

p = 0.010

 

p = 0.813

 No

165/285 (58%)

1

190/287 (66%)

1

154/281 (55%)

1

43/265 (16%)

1

 Yes

17/20 (85%)

4.12 (1.18–14.38)

20/22 (91%)

5.10 (1.17–22.29)

18/22 (82%)

3.71 (1.22–11.24)

3/31 (14%)

0.86 (0.24–3.05)

Ever had an STI

 

p = 0.381

 

p = 0.209

 

p = 0.014

 

p = 0.286

 No

155/264 (59%)

1

178/267 (68%)

1

141/261 (54%)

1

37/245 (15%)

1

 Yes

27/41 (66%)

1.36 (0.68–2.71)

32/42 (76%)

1.60 (0.75–3.40)

31/42 (74%)

2.40 (1.16–4.98)

9/41 (22%)

1.58 (0.70–3.58)

Ever heard of HPV

 

p = 0.039

 

p = 0.232

 

p = 0.014

 

p = 0.890

 No

173/282 (61%)

1

197/286 (69%)

1

165/281 (59%)

1

43/266 (16%)

1

 Yes

9/23 (39%)

0.41 (0.17–0.97)

13/23 (57%)

0.59 (0.25–1.39)

7/12 (32%)

0.33 (0.13–0.83)

3/20 (15%)

0.92 (0.26–3.26)

Biological factors

Cervical HPV infection

NA

NA

 

p < 0.001

 

p < 0.001

 

p < 0.001

 No

  

41/123 (33%)

1

30/121 (25%)

1

7/116 (6%)

1

 Yes

  

166/182 (91%)

20.75 (10.99–39.17)

138/177 (78%)

10.73 (6.23–18.50)

38/165 (23%)

4.66 (2.00–10.86)

Vulvar HPV infection

 

p < 0.001

NA

NA

 

p < 0.001

 

p = 0.016

 No

16/98 (16%)

1

  

15/93 (16%)

1

8/91 (9%)

1

 Yes

166/207 (80%)

20.75 (10.99–39.17)

  

156/209 (75%)

15.31 (8.11–28.86)

38/194 (20%)

2.53 (1.13–5.67)

Anal HPV infection

 

p < 0.001

 

p < 0.001

NA

NA

 

p < 0.001

 No

39/130 (30%)

1

53/131 (40%)

1

  

10/122 (8%)

1

 Yes

138/168 (82%)

10.73 (6.23–18.50)

156/171 (91%)

15.31 (8.12–28.86)

  

36/158 (23%)

3.30 (1.57–6.97)

Oral HPV infection

 

p < 0.001

 

p = 0.016

 

p < 0.001

NA

NA

 No

127/236 (54%)

1

156/239 (65%)

1

122/234 (52%)

1

  

 Yes

38/45 (84%)

4.66 (2.00–10.86)

38/46 (83%)

2.53 (1.13–5.67)

36/46 (78%)

3.30 (1.57–6.97)

  
  1. Bold indicates p <0.05 or 95% level of statistical significance
  2. 1p-values were obtained from Wald tests; 2Hausa/Fulani, Igbo and other minorities; 3Student, apprentice and no job; 4Naira- currency of Nigeria; USD –United States Dollar; 5Living alone; 6 N = 299 -six participants did not provide information on age at first vaginal sex; 7 N = 269—36 participants did not provide information to calculate the age difference between first vaginal sex partner and participant; NA not applicable