Variable | Cervical | Vulvar | Anal | Oral | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n/N (row, %) | P value1 Crude OR (95%CI) | n/N (row, %) | p value1 Crude OR (95%CI) | n/N (row, %) | p value1 Crude OR (95%CI) | n/N (row, %) | p value1 Crude OR (95%CI) | |
Socio-demographic factors | ||||||||
Study site |  | p = 0.413 |  | p = 0.942 |  | p = 0.010 |  | p = 0.003 |
 Mokola | 96/155 (62%) | 1 | 107/157 (68%) | 1 | 98/153 (64%) | 1 | 32/143 (23%) | 1 |
 Moniya/Sasa | 86/150 (57%) | 0.83 (0.52–1.31) | 103/152 (68%) | 0.98 (0.61–1.58) | 74/150 (49%) | 0.55 (0.35–0.87) | 14/143 (10%) | 0.38 (0.19–0.74) |
Age group, years |  | p = 0.015 |  | p = 0.525 |  | p = 0.122 |  | p = 0.664 |
 18–24 | 79/118 (67%) | 1 | 86/121 (71%) | 1 | 74/120 (62%) | 1 | 20/111 (18%) | 1 |
 25–34 | 62/100 (58%) | 0.81 (0.46–1.41) | 68/100 (68%) | 0.86 (0.49–1.54) | 57/97 (59%) | 0.89 (0.51–1.53) | 15/92 (16%) | 0.89 (0.43–1.85) |
 35–45 | 41/87 (47%) | 0.44 (0.25–0.78) | 56/88 (61%) | 0.71 (0.40–1.28) | 41/86 (48%) | 0.57 (0.32–0.99) | 11/83 (13%) | 0.70 (0.31–1.54) |
Ethnicity |  | p = 0.175 |  | p = 0.676 |  | p = 0.612 |  | p = 0.786 |
 Yoruba | 136/236 (58%) | 1 | 161/239 (67%) | 1 | 131/234 (56%) | 1 | 35/222 (16%) | 1 |
 Others2 | 46/69 (67%) | 1.47 (0.84–2.58) | 49/70 (70%) | 1.13 (0.63–2.02) | 41/69 (59%) | 1.15 (0.67–1.99) | 11/64 (17%) | 1.11 (0.53–2.33) |
Religion |  | p = 0.840 |  | p = 0.541 |  | p = 0.451 |  | p = 0.678 |
 Christianity/traditional | 85/141 (60%) | 1 | 99/142 (70%) | 1 | 81/137 (59%) | 1 | 23/135 (17%) | 1 |
 Islam | 97/164 (59%) | 0.95 (0.60–1.51) | 111/167 (66%) | 0.86 (0.53–1.39) | 91/166 (55%) | 0.84 (0.53–1.33) | 23/151 (15%) | 0.88 (0.47–1.64) |
Highest education level |  | p = 0.104 |  | p = 0.749 |  | p = 0.269 |  | p = 0.866 |
 None/primary | 32/62 (52%) | 1 | 41/62 (66%) | 1 | 29/61 (48%) | 1 | 8/57 (14%) | 1 |
 Secondary | 111/171 (65%) | 1.73 (0.96–3.13) | 122/175 (70%) | 1.18 (0.64–2.18) | 101/171 (59%) | 1.59 (0.88–2.87) | 28/165 (17%) | 1.25 (0.53–2.93) |
 Tertiary | 39/72 (54%) | 1.11 (0.56–2.19) | 47/72 (65%) | 0.96 (0.47–1.97) | 42/71 (59%) | 1.60 (0.80–3.19) | 10/64 (16%) | 1.13 (0.41–3.10) |
Quranic education |  | p = 0.954 |  | p = 0.840 |  | p = 0.998 |  | p = 0.842 |
 No | 116/194 (60%) | 1 | 134/196 (68%) | 1 | 109/192 (57%) | 1 | 29/184 (16%) | 1 |
 Yes | 66/111 (59%) | 0.99 (0.61–1.59) | 76/113 (67%) | 0.95 (0.58–1.56) | 63/111 (57%) | 1.00 (0.62–1.60) | 17/102 (17%) | 1.07 (0.56–2.06) |
Occupation |  | p = 0.409 |  | p = 0.791 |  | p = 0.121 |  | p = 0.935 |
 No current paid job3 | 33/52 (63%) | 1 | 39/54 (72%) | 1 | 37/54 (69%) | 1 | 9/50 (18%) | 1 |
 Unskilled worker | 9/18 (50%) | 0.58 (0.19–1.70) | 12/18 (67%) | 0.77 (0.24–2.42) | 11/18 (61%) | 0.72 (0.24–2.19) | 3/17 (18%) | 0.98 (0.23–4.12) |
 Semi-skilled worker | 131/215 (61%) | 0.90 (0.48–1.68) | 147/217 (68%) | 0.81 (0.42–1.56) | 116/211 (55%) | 0.56 (0.30–1.06) | 32/202 (16%) | 0.86 (0.38–1.94) |
 Skilled worker | 9/20 (45%) | 0.47 (0.17–1.34) | 12/20 (60%) | 0.58 (0.20–1.69) | 8/20 (40%) | 0.31 (0.11–0.89) | 2/17 (12%) | 0.61 (0.12–3.14) |
Income per month4 |  | p = 0.407 |  | p = 0.207 |  | p = 0.070 |  | p = 0.556 |
 No income | 19/33 (58%) | 1 | 24/35 (69%) | 1 | 23/35 (66%) | 1 | 6/34 (18%) | 1 |
 1–10,000 N (1–28USD) | 124/209 (59%) | 1.07 (0.51–2.26) | 79/125 (65%) | 0.79 (0.35–1.75) | 67/122 (55%) | 0.64 (0.29–1.39) | 16/112 (14%) | 0.78 (0.28–2.18) |
 10,001–20,000 N (> 28–56USD) | 33/49 (67%) | 1.52 (0.61–3.79) | 57/85 (86%) | 0.93 (0.40–2.17) | 39/82 (48%) | 0.47 (0.21–1.08) | 16/77 (21%) | 1.22 (0.43–3.46) |
  > 20,000 N (> 56USD) | 6/24 (43%) | 0.55 (0.16–1.96) | 50/64 (50%) | 1.64 (0.65–4.14) | 43/64 (67%) | 1.07 (0.45–2.55) | 8/63 (13%) | 0.68 (0.21–2.15) |
Current marital status |  | p = 0.107 |  | p = 0.040 |  | p < 0.001 |  | p = 0.323 |
 Single | 54/79 (68%) | 1 | 63/82 (77%) | 1 | 61/82 (74%) | 1 | 14/75 (19%) | 1 |
 Married | 117/210 (56%) | 0.58 (0.34–1.01) | 134/211 (64%) | 0.52 (0.29–0.94) | 104/206 (50%) | 0.35 (0.20–0.62) | 28/197 (14%) | 0.72 (0.36–1.46) |
 Divorced/widowed/separated5 | 11/16 (69%) | 1.02 (0.32–3.24) | 13 (81%) | 1.31 (0.34–5.07) | 7/15 (47%) | 0.30 (0.10–0.93) | 4/14 (29%) | 1.74 (0.48–6.38) |
Behavioural factors | ||||||||
Age at first vaginal sex6, years |  | p = 0.642 |  | p = 0.612 |  | p = 0.255 |  | p = 0.082 |
  ≤ 15 | 20/32 (63%) | 1 | 25/33 (76%) | 1 | 23/33 (70%) | 1 | 3/31 (20%) | 1 |
 16–17 | 26/42 (62%) | 0.98 (0.38–2.52) | 28/42 (67%) | 0.64 (0.23–1.78) | 22/42 (52%) | 0.48 (0.18–1.25) | 11/39 (15%) | 3.67 (0.92–14.57) |
  ≥ 18 | 133/225 (59%) | 0.87 (0.40–1.86) | 154/228 (68%) | 0.67 (0.29–1.55) | 124/222 (56%) | 0.55 (0.25–1.21) | 31/211 (12%) | 0.55 (0.14–2.09) |
Age difference between first vaginal sex partner and participant, years7 |  | p = 0.232 |  | p = 0.002 |  | p = 0.005 |  | p = 0.617 |
  ≤ 5 | 87/137 (64%) | 1 | 106/139 (76%) | 1 | 91/138 (66%) | 1 | 24/134 (18%) | 1 |
  ≥ 6 | 71/132 (54%) | 0.67 (0.41–1.09) | 79/134 (59%) | 0.45 (0.27–0.75) | 63/129 (46%) | 0.49 (0.30–0.81) | 19/122 (16%) | 0.85 (0.44–1.63) |
Number of vaginal sex partners |  | p = 0.001 |  | p < 0.001 |  | p < 0.001 |  | p = 0.198 |
 (Mean (SD)) | 1.91 (1.41) | 1.46 (1.16–1.84) | 1.91 (1.41) | 1.59 (1.21–2.07) | 1.89 (1.40) | 1.50 (1.19–1.90) | 1.89 (1.43) | 1.14 (0.94–1.38) |
Ever cleansed inside vagina |  | p = 0.294 |  | p = 0.097 |  | p = 0.876 |  | p = 0.125 |
 No | 18/35 (51%) | 1 | 20/36 (56%) | 1 | 20/36 (56%) | 1 | 34/235 (14%) | 1 |
 Yes | 164/270 (61%) | 1.46 (0.72–2.96) | 190/273 (70%) | 1.83 (0.90–3.71) | 152/267 (57%) | 1.06 (0.52–2.13) | 12/51 (24%) | 1.82 (0.87–3.82) |
Condom use at last vaginal sex |  | p = 0.719 |  | p = 0.204 |  | p = 0.508 |  | p = 0.685 |
 No | 148/250 (59%) | 1 | 168/253 (66%) | 1 | 138/247 (56%) | 1 | 38/242 (16%) | 1 |
 Yes | 34/55 (62%) | 1.12 (0.61–2.03) | 42/56 (75%) | 1.52 (0.79–2.93) | 34/56 (61%) | 1.22 (0.68–2.21) | 8/44 (18%) | 1.19 (0.51–2.77) |
Ever had oral sex (given/received) |  | p = 0.008 |  | p = 0.131 |  | p = 0.205 |  | p = 0.410 |
 No | 146/258 (57%) | 1 | 173/261 (66%) | 1 | 142/257 (55%) | 1 | 7/33 (21%) | 1 |
 Yes | 36/47 (77%) | 2.51 (1.22–5.15) | 37/48 (77%) | 1.71 (0.83–3.52) | 30/46 (65%) | 1.52 (0.79–2.92) | 39/253 (15%) | 0.68 (0.27–1.67) |
Ever had transactional sex |  | p = 0.748 |  | p = 0.272 |  | p = 0.376 |  | p = 0.2841 |
 No | 170/286 (59%) | 1 | 195/290 (67%) | 1 | 160/285 (56%) | 1 | 42/271 (16%) | 1.98 (0.60–6.52) |
 Yes | 12/19 (63%) | 1.17 (0.45–3.06) | 15/19 (79%) | 1.83 (0.59–5.65) | 12/18 (67%) | 1.56 (0.57–4.28) | 4/15 (27%) |  |
Ever had mutual masturbation |  | p = 0.130 |  | p = 0.162 |  | p = 0.402 |  | p = 0.875 |
 No | 38/73 (52%) | 1 | 46/75 (61%) | 1 | 40/76 (53%) | 1 | 11/71 (16%) | 1 |
 Yes | 144/232 (62%) | 1.51 (0.89–2.56) | 164/234 (70%) | 1.48 (0.86–2.54) | 132/227 (58%) | 1.25 (0.74–2.10) | 35/215 (16%) | 1.06 (0.51–2.22) |
Female genital mutilation |  | p = 0.445 |  | p = 0.443 |  | p = 0.938 |  | p = 0.935 |
 No | 88/142 (62%) | 1 | 101/144 (70%) | 1 | 78/138 (57%) | 1 | 21/129 (16%) | 1 |
 Yes | 94/163 (58%) | 0.84 (0.53–1.32) | 109/165 (66%) | 0.83 (0.51–1.34) | 94/165 (57%) | 1.02 (0.65–1.61) | 25/157 (16%) | 0.97 (0.52–1.84) |
Ever drank alcohol |  | p = 0.179 |  | p = 0.012 |  | p = 0.003 |  | p = 0.199 |
 No | 128/223 (57%) | 1 | 144/225 (64%) | 1 | 115/222 (52%) | 1 | 30/209 (14%) | 1 |
 Yes | 54/82 (66%) | 1.43 (0.84–2.43) | 66/84 (79%) | 2.06 (1.15–3.71) | 57/81 (70%) | 2.21 (1.28–3.81) | 16/77 (21%) | 1.57 (0.80–3.07) |
Ever taken any illicit drugs |  | p = 0.011 |  | p = 0.008 |  | p = 0.010 |  | p = 0.813 |
 No | 165/285 (58%) | 1 | 190/287 (66%) | 1 | 154/281 (55%) | 1 | 43/265 (16%) | 1 |
 Yes | 17/20 (85%) | 4.12 (1.18–14.38) | 20/22 (91%) | 5.10 (1.17–22.29) | 18/22 (82%) | 3.71 (1.22–11.24) | 3/31 (14%) | 0.86 (0.24–3.05) |
Ever had an STI |  | p = 0.381 |  | p = 0.209 |  | p = 0.014 |  | p = 0.286 |
 No | 155/264 (59%) | 1 | 178/267 (68%) | 1 | 141/261 (54%) | 1 | 37/245 (15%) | 1 |
 Yes | 27/41 (66%) | 1.36 (0.68–2.71) | 32/42 (76%) | 1.60 (0.75–3.40) | 31/42 (74%) | 2.40 (1.16–4.98) | 9/41 (22%) | 1.58 (0.70–3.58) |
Ever heard of HPV |  | p = 0.039 |  | p = 0.232 |  | p = 0.014 |  | p = 0.890 |
 No | 173/282 (61%) | 1 | 197/286 (69%) | 1 | 165/281 (59%) | 1 | 43/266 (16%) | 1 |
 Yes | 9/23 (39%) | 0.41 (0.17–0.97) | 13/23 (57%) | 0.59 (0.25–1.39) | 7/12 (32%) | 0.33 (0.13–0.83) | 3/20 (15%) | 0.92 (0.26–3.26) |
Biological factors | ||||||||
Cervical HPV infection | NA | NA |  | p < 0.001 |  | p < 0.001 |  | p < 0.001 |
 No |  |  | 41/123 (33%) | 1 | 30/121 (25%) | 1 | 7/116 (6%) | 1 |
 Yes |  |  | 166/182 (91%) | 20.75 (10.99–39.17) | 138/177 (78%) | 10.73 (6.23–18.50) | 38/165 (23%) | 4.66 (2.00–10.86) |
Vulvar HPV infection |  | p < 0.001 | NA | NA |  | p < 0.001 |  | p = 0.016 |
 No | 16/98 (16%) | 1 |  |  | 15/93 (16%) | 1 | 8/91 (9%) | 1 |
 Yes | 166/207 (80%) | 20.75 (10.99–39.17) |  |  | 156/209 (75%) | 15.31 (8.11–28.86) | 38/194 (20%) | 2.53 (1.13–5.67) |
Anal HPV infection |  | p < 0.001 |  | p < 0.001 | NA | NA |  | p < 0.001 |
 No | 39/130 (30%) | 1 | 53/131 (40%) | 1 |  |  | 10/122 (8%) | 1 |
 Yes | 138/168 (82%) | 10.73 (6.23–18.50) | 156/171 (91%) | 15.31 (8.12–28.86) |  |  | 36/158 (23%) | 3.30 (1.57–6.97) |
Oral HPV infection |  | p < 0.001 |  | p = 0.016 |  | p < 0.001 | NA | NA |
 No | 127/236 (54%) | 1 | 156/239 (65%) | 1 | 122/234 (52%) | 1 |  |  |
 Yes | 38/45 (84%) | 4.66 (2.00–10.86) | 38/46 (83%) | 2.53 (1.13–5.67) | 36/46 (78%) | 3.30 (1.57–6.97) |  |  |