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Table 2 Association of high-risk HPV with behavioral variables

From: The prevalence of cervical cytology abnormalities and human papillomavirus in women infected with the human immunodeficiency virus

 

High Risk HPV Infections

  
 

Negative (32)

N

Positive (67)

N

Odds Ratio

(95% CI)

Adjusted Odds Ratio

(95% CI)*

Age

    

   <40

10

42

1.0 (ref)

1 (ref)

   40+

22

25

0.3 (0.1–0.7)

0.4 (0.1–1.5)

Birth-control method

    

   None

5

7

0.6 (0.1 – 2.3)

0.3 (0.0 – 5.1)

   Barrier

10

24

1.0 (ref)

1.0 (ref)

   No barrier

2

12

2.5 (0.5–13.3)

6.8 (0.7 – 67.8)

   Abstinence

15

24

0.7 (0.3 – 1.8)

0.5 (0.1 – 2.5)

Age at menarche

    

   <13 years

10

22

1.0 (ref)

1.0 (ref)

   13+ years

22

45

0.9 (0.4 – 2.3)

2.3 (0.5–9.8)

Number of pregnancies

    

   <3

6

31

1.0 (ref)

1.0 (ref)

   3+

26

36

0.3 (0.1 – 0.7)

0.2 (0.1 – 0.99)

Age of first sexual intercourse

    

   <16 years

12

27

1.0 (ref)

1.0 (ref)

   16+ years

20

40

0.9 (0.4 – 2.1)

1.0 (0.3 – 3.8)

Lifetime number of sex partners

    

   <5

11

28

1.0 (ref)

1.0 (ref)

   5 to 10

16

24

0.6 (0.2 – 1.5)

1.2 (0.3 – 5.4)

   >10

5

15

1.2 (0.3 – 4.0)

4.4 (0.7 – 29.6)

Alcohol

    

   Never

18

34

1.0 (ref)

1.0 (ref)

   Ever

14

33

1.3 (0.5 – 2.9)

1.7 (0.4 – 6.8)

Marijuana

    

   Never

27

54

1.0 (ref)

1.0 (ref)

   Ever

5

13

1.3 (0.4 – 4.0)

7.0 (0.5 – 91.2)

Tobacco

    

   Never

27

63

1.0 (ref)

1.0 (ref)

   Ever

7

4

0.2 (0.1 – 0.8)

0.2 (0.04 – 1.6)

  1. ref = reference; *Adjusted for age (continuous), marital status, number of pregnancies, Tobacco use, duration of HAART therapy, CD4 counts, viral load and cervical cytology; Birth control method: Barrier = male condom, No barrier = birth control pill or Depo-Provera®